Most plastics need to be sorted before they can be reused in various plastic recycling methods. Due to the complexity and complexity of plastic consumption channels, some post-consumer plastics are difficult to distinguish by appearance. Therefore, it is better to mark the variety of materials on plastic products. China has formulated the GB/T16288-1996 "Recycling Marks for Plastic Packaging Products" with reference to the type of materials proposed and implemented by the American Plastics Association (SPE). Although the above marking methods can be used to facilitate sorting, there are still many unmarked products in China. Plastic products, to bring difficulties to sorting, in order to separate different types of plastic, in order to separate and recycle, first of all to master the knowledge of different plastics, the following describes the plastic simple identification method:
1. Plastic appearance identification
By observing the appearance of the plastic, it is possible to initially identify the major categories of plastic products: thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics or elastomers. Typical thermoplastics are crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline plastics appear semi-transparent, opaque or opaque, and only transparent in the film state, and the hardness from soft to horny. Amorphous is generally colorless, and is completely transparent when no additives are added, and hardness is harder than that of keratin rubber (additives such as plasticizer are often added at this time). Thermosetting plastics usually contain fillers and are impervious to transparency, and are transparent when they do not contain fillers. The elastomer has a rubbery feel and has a certain stretch rate. 2. Plastic heating identification
The heating characteristics of the above three types of plastics are also different and can be identified by heating. Thermoplastics soften when heated, melt easily, and become transparent when melted, often pulling the filaments from the melt, and are often susceptible to heat sealing. The thermosetting plastic is heated until the material is chemically decomposed, and its original hardness is not softened, the size is relatively stable, and the decomposition temperature is charred. When the elastomer is heated, no flow occurs until the chemical decomposition temperature, and the material decomposes and carbonizes to the decomposition temperature.
Commonly used thermoplastic softening or melting temperature range see table
Variety of plastic softening or melting range / ° c Plastic varieties Softening or melting range / oc Polyacetate 35~ 85 Polyoxymethylene 165~185 Polystyrene 70~115 Polypropylene 160~170 Polyvinyl chloride 75~90 Nylon 12 170 ~180 Polyethylene Density 0.92/cm3 110 Nylon 11 180~190 Density 0.94/cm3 About 120 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 200~220 Density 0.96/cm3 About 130 Nylon 610 210~220 Poly-1-Butene 125~ 135 Nylon 6 215 to 225 Polyvinylidene chloride 115 to 140 (softening) Polycarbonate 220 to 230 Plexiglas 126 to 160 Poly-4-methylpentene-1 240 Cellulose acetate 125 to 175 Nylon 66 250 to 260 Polyacrylonitrile 130 to 150 (softening) polyethylene terephthalate 250~260 3. Plastic solvent treatment
Thermoplastics swell in solvents, but they are generally insoluble in cold solvents. In hot solvents, some thermoplastics dissolve. For example, polyethylene is soluble in xylene. Thermosetting plastics are insoluble in solvents and generally do not swell. With only slight swelling, the elastomer is insoluble in the solvent but usually swells.
Different types of plastics have different densities. Plastics can be identified by measuring density, but at this point the foamed products should be separated because the density of the foamed plastic is not the true density of the material. In the actual industry, there is also the use of different plastic density to sort plastics. The density of commonly used plastics is shown in the table below:
The pyrolysis test discriminating method is to heat the plastic to the pyrolysis temperature in the pyrolysis tube, and then use the litmus test paper or pH test paper to test the pH of the evolved gas to identify the method.
7. Plastic color reaction identification
Some plastics can be identified by different indicators. A few milligrams of sample are dissolved or suspended in 2 ml of hot acetic anhydride. After cooling, 3 drops of 50% sulfuric acid (made up of equal volumes of water and concentrated sulfuric acid) are added and immediately observed. Color reaction, observe the color of the sample after placing the sample for 10 minutes, then heat the sample to 100 degrees in the water bath, observe the color of the sample. Use this method to identify the plastic in the table below. This color reaction is called Liebermann-Storch-Morawski reaction
Nylon can also be identified by the color reaction of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. The identification is as follows: in the test tube, heating 0.1 to 0.2 g of the sample, placing the thermal decomposition product on a small cotton plug, and dropping a 14% methanol solution of p-dimethylaminobenzene on the cotton flower. A drop of concentrated hydrochloric acid is given, and if it is nylon, it is red.
Color reaction of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde can also be used to identify polycarbonate. When the color displayed is dark blue, the material known is polycarbonate.
Elastomers or rubbers can be identified by the Burchfield chromogenic reaction. The method is as follows: Heat 0.5 g sample in a test tube, and pass the generated pyrolyzed vapor into 1.5 ml test sample (add 1 g dimethyl in 100 ml methanol. Hydroxybenzaldehyde and 0.01 g of hydroquinone were slowly heated and dissolved, 5 ml of concentrated salt and 10 ml of ethylene glycol were added, and the color was observed. Then, 5 ml of methanol was added to dilute the solution and allowed to boil for 3 min. colour. The Burchfield chromogenic reaction results for different types of elastomers or rubbers are shown in the table below:
Polymers containing unsaturated double bonds can be identified using Wijs solutions. Solution preparation: 6 to 7 ml of pure iodine monochloride was dissolved in 1 L of acetic acid. During the test, the material is first dissolved in carbon tetrachloride or molten p-dichlorobenzene (melting point 50 oc), and the Wijs solution is added dropwise. If the material has a double bond, the solution will fade.
8. Other plastic identification methods
Some of the molecular structures of plastics contain heteroatoms other than carbon and hydrogen. Different plastics can also be identified by heteroatom tests. Plastics classified by heteroatoms are shown in the table below:
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1. Plastic appearance identification
By observing the appearance of the plastic, it is possible to initially identify the major categories of plastic products: thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics or elastomers. Typical thermoplastics are crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline plastics appear semi-transparent, opaque or opaque, and only transparent in the film state, and the hardness from soft to horny. Amorphous is generally colorless, and is completely transparent when no additives are added, and hardness is harder than that of keratin rubber (additives such as plasticizer are often added at this time). Thermosetting plastics usually contain fillers and are impervious to transparency, and are transparent when they do not contain fillers. The elastomer has a rubbery feel and has a certain stretch rate. 2. Plastic heating identification
The heating characteristics of the above three types of plastics are also different and can be identified by heating. Thermoplastics soften when heated, melt easily, and become transparent when melted, often pulling the filaments from the melt, and are often susceptible to heat sealing. The thermosetting plastic is heated until the material is chemically decomposed, and its original hardness is not softened, the size is relatively stable, and the decomposition temperature is charred. When the elastomer is heated, no flow occurs until the chemical decomposition temperature, and the material decomposes and carbonizes to the decomposition temperature.
Commonly used thermoplastic softening or melting temperature range see table
Variety of plastic softening or melting range / ° c Plastic varieties Softening or melting range / oc Polyacetate 35~ 85 Polyoxymethylene 165~185 Polystyrene 70~115 Polypropylene 160~170 Polyvinyl chloride 75~90 Nylon 12 170 ~180 Polyethylene Density 0.92/cm3 110 Nylon 11 180~190 Density 0.94/cm3 About 120 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 200~220 Density 0.96/cm3 About 130 Nylon 610 210~220 Poly-1-Butene 125~ 135 Nylon 6 215 to 225 Polyvinylidene chloride 115 to 140 (softening) Polycarbonate 220 to 230 Plexiglas 126 to 160 Poly-4-methylpentene-1 240 Cellulose acetate 125 to 175 Nylon 66 250 to 260 Polyacrylonitrile 130 to 150 (softening) polyethylene terephthalate 250~260 3. Plastic solvent treatment
Thermoplastics swell in solvents, but they are generally insoluble in cold solvents. In hot solvents, some thermoplastics dissolve. For example, polyethylene is soluble in xylene. Thermosetting plastics are insoluble in solvents and generally do not swell. With only slight swelling, the elastomer is insoluble in the solvent but usually swells.
Plastic solubility
polymer
Solvent
Non-solvent
Polyethylene p-xylene 1, trichlorobenzene 1 acetone, ether poly-1-butene decane 1, decahydronaphthalene 1 Lower alcohol isotactic polypropylene Atactic polypropylene hydrocarbons, isoamyl acetate ethyl acetate, Propanol polyisobutylene hexane, benzene, carbon tetraoxide, tetrahydrofuran acetone, methanol, methyl acetate polybutadiene aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon polyisoprene polystyrene benzene, toluene, chloroform, cyclohexane Ketone, butyl acetate, carbon disulfide lower alcohol, ethyl ether (swelling) polyvinyl chloride tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone, methyl ketone, dimethylformamide methanol, acetone, heptane polyvinylfluoride cyclohexanone, dimethylaminoformamide Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Methanol Polytetrafluoroethylene Insoluble Polyethylenoxybenzoate, Trichloromethane, Methanol, Acetone, Butyl Ether Ether Petroleum Ether, Butanol Polyethylene Isobutyl Ether Isopropanol, Methyl Ketenone, Trichloromethane, Aromatic hydrocarbons Methanol, Acetone polyacrylates and Polymethacrylates Trichlorotetrane, Acetone, Ethyl acetate, Tetrahydrofuran, Toluene Methanol, Ethyl ether, Petroleum ether Polyacrylonitrile dimethylaminoformamide, Dimethyl sulfoxide, concentrated sulfuric acid water Alcohols, Ether, Water, Hydrocarbons, Polyacrylamide Water Methanol, Acrylic Polyacrylic Acid Water, Dilute Alkali, Methanol, Dioxane, Dimethylaminoformamide Hydrocarbons, Methanol, Acetone, Diethyl ether Polyvinyl Alcohol Water , dimethylformamide 1, dimethyl sulfoxide hydrocarbons, methanol, acetone, ether cellulose, aqueous cupric ammonium hydroxide, aqueous zinc chloride, aqueous calcium thiocyanate methanol, acetone triacetate cellulose acetate, trichloromethane , Difluoromethanol, Ethylmethylcellulose (Trimethyl) Trichloromethane, Benzyl Alcohol, Ethyl Ether, Petroleum Ether Carboxymethyl Cellulose Water Methanol Aliphatic Trichloromethane, Formic Acid, Benzyl Alcohol, Ether , aliphatic hydrocarbons ethylene terephthalate m-cresol, o-chlorophenol, nitrobenzene, trichloroacetic acid methanol, acetone, aliphatic hydrocarbons polyamide formic acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, dimethylaminoformamide, M-cresol Methanol, Ether, Hydrocarbon Polycarbamate (non-crosslinked) Formic Acid, γ-Butyrolactone, Dimethylaminocarboxamide, M-Cresol Methanol, Ether, Hydrocarbons Polyoxymethylene γ-butyric acid Lactone 1, dimethylformamide 1, benzyl alcohol 1 Methanol, ethyl ether, aliphatic hydrocarbons Polyoxyethylene water, benzene, dimethylformamide, aliphatic hydrocarbons, diethyl ether polydimethylsiloxane oxide alkoxy chloroform, heptane, benzene, diethyl ether, methanol, ethanol 4. Plastic density identification Different types of plastics have different densities. Plastics can be identified by measuring density, but at this point the foamed products should be separated because the density of the foamed plastic is not the true density of the material. In the actual industry, there is also the use of different plastic density to sort plastics. The density of commonly used plastics is shown in the table below:
Density/(g/cm3)
material
Density/(g/cm3)
material
0.80 silicone rubber cavity (filled with silica to 1.25) 1.19~1.35 plasticized polyvinyl chloride (approx. 40% plasticizer) 0.83 polymethylpentene 1.20~ 1.22 Polycarbonate (Bisphenol A type) 0.85~0.91 Polypropylene 1.20~1.26 Cross-linked Polyurethane 0.89~0.93 High-pressure (low-density) Polyethylene 1.26~1 .28 Phenol-formaldehyde resin (unfilled) 0.91~0.92 1-Polybutene 1.26~1.31 Polyvinyl alcohol 0.9~0.93 Polyisobutylene 1.25~1.35 Cellulose acetate 0.92~1.00 Natural rubber 1.30~1.41 Phenol formaldehyde resin (filled organic material: paper, fabric) 0.92~0.98 Low pressure (high density) polyethylene 1.30~1.40 Poly Vinyl fluoride 1.01~1.04 Nylon 12 1.34~1.40 Celluloid 1.03~1.05 Nylon 11 1.38~1.41 Polyethylene terephthalate 1.04~1. 06 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) 1.38~1.50 Rigid PVC 1.04~1.08 Polystyrene 1.41~1.43 Polyoxymethylene (polyoxymethylene) 1.05~1.07 Polyphenylene ether 1.47~1.52 Urea-melamine resin (with organic filler) 1.06~1.10 Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer 1 47~1.55 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride 1.07~1.09 Nylon 610 1.50~2.00 Bakelite and aminoplast (with inorganic filler) 1.12~1.15 Nylon 6 1.70~ 1.80 Polyvinylidene fluoride 1.13~1.16 Nylon 66 1.80~2.30 Polyester and epoxy resin (with glass fiber added) 1.10~1.40 Epoxy resin, unsaturated poly Ester resins 1.86~1.88 Polyvinylidene chloride 1.14~1.17 Polyacrylonitrile 2.10~2.20 Polytrifluoro-vinyl chloride 1.15~1.25 Cellulose Acetate 2 .10~2.30 Polytetrafluoroethylene 1.161.20 Polymethyl methacrylate 1.17~1.20 Polyvinyl acetate 1.18~1.24 Cellulose propionate
Commonly used solution for density identification of plastics
Type of solution
Density (25oc)/(g/cm3)
Preparation method
Plastic (product) types
Float on solution
Sink into solution
Water 1 Polyethylene, polypropylene Polyvinyl chloride, Polystyrene saturated salt solution 1.19 74ml water and 26g salt polystyrene, ABS Polyvinyl chloride 58-4% alcohol solution 0.91 100ml water and 140ml 95% alcohol Polypropylene Polyethylene 55-4 Alcohol Solution 0.925 100ml Water and 124ml 95% Alcohol High Pressure Polyethylene Low Pressure Polyethylene Calcium Chloride Aqueous Solution 1.27 100g Calcium Chloride (Industrial) and 150ml Water Polystyrene, Organic Glass, ABS Polyvinyl Chloride, Bakelite 5. Pyrolysis test identification of plastics The pyrolysis test discriminating method is to heat the plastic to the pyrolysis temperature in the pyrolysis tube, and then use the litmus test paper or pH test paper to test the pH of the evolved gas to identify the method.
Commonly used plastic pyrolysis products litmus and pH test paper test results
Litmus paper
red
Basically no discoloration
blue
pH test paper
0.5~4.0
5.0~5.5
8.0~9.5
Halogen-containing polymer Polyvinyl ester Cellulose ester Polyethylene terephthalate Phenolic resin Polyurethane elastomer Unsaturated polyester resin Fluoropolymer Hard fiber board Polythioether polyolefin Polyvinyl alcohol Polyvinyl formal Polyethylene ether Styrene Polymer (Including: Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer) 2 Polymethacrylate Polyoxymethylene Methacrylate Polycarbonate Linear Polyurethane Phenolic Resin Epoxy Resin Crosslinked Polyurethane Polyamide ABS Polymer Polyacrylonitrile Phenol and Cresol Resin Amino Resins (Aniline-Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Resins) 1 Slowly heat the pyrolysis tube 2 Some samples showed weak alkaline 6. Identification of plastic combustion test
The combustion test discriminating method uses a small fire to burn a plastic sample to observe the combustibility of the plastic in the fire and outside the fire, and at the same time pays attention to the method of identifying the type of plastic by dropping the drop form and odor of the molten plastic after the flameout.
The combustion test discriminating method uses a small fire to burn a plastic sample to observe the combustibility of the plastic in the fire and outside the fire, and at the same time pays attention to the method of identifying the type of plastic by dropping the drop form and odor of the molten plastic after the flameout.
Combustion performance
Flame state
Vapor smell
material
Incombustible———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— Bright yellow, flame edge green, shiny, black smoke yellow, gray smoke, orange, blue smoke phenol, formaldehyde ammonia, amines, formaldehyde formaldehyde --- burned animal keratin resin amino resin chlorination Rubber, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride (no flammable plasticizer) Polycarbonate Silicone rubber Polyamide burns in a flame, slowly extinguishes from the flame or still burns yellow, shining, material decomposition, orange, Orange, black smoke, yellow, blue, yellow on the edges, blue phenol in the center, burnt paper is irritating, damage to the burnt rubber, fresh aroma, pungent (isocyanate), paraffin wax, phenolic resin, polyvinyl alcohol Polychloroprene Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyurethane Polyethylene, Polypropylene is flammable, and continues to burn after leaving the flame. There is black smoke, yellow smoke, dark yellow smoke, and a little black smoke. Yellow, with black smoke Bright, center blue emits sparks with intense irritating phenolic aromas, days then taste acetic acid charred rubber aroma, fruity melamine polyester resin (glass fiber reinforced) epoxy resin (glass fiber reinforced) polystyrene polyvinyl acetate rubber Polymethyl methacrylate polyoxymethylene is flammable and will continue to burn after leaving the flame. Deep yellowish faint sparkle light green, emitting sparks bright orange and strong acetic acid and butyric acetic acid charred nitrous oxide butyl acetate Cellulose Acetate Cellulose Nitrocellulose 7. Plastic color reaction identification
Some plastics can be identified by different indicators. A few milligrams of sample are dissolved or suspended in 2 ml of hot acetic anhydride. After cooling, 3 drops of 50% sulfuric acid (made up of equal volumes of water and concentrated sulfuric acid) are added and immediately observed. Color reaction, observe the color of the sample after placing the sample for 10 minutes, then heat the sample to 100 degrees in the water bath, observe the color of the sample. Use this method to identify the plastic in the table below. This color reaction is called Liebermann-Storch-Morawski reaction
Liebermann-Storch-Morawski color reaction of several plastics
Immediately after the color is developed for 10 minutes The color is heated to 100 degrees. Color Phenolic Resin Light Red Violet - Pink Brown Brown - Red Polyvinyl Alcohol Colorless - Light Yellow Colorless - Light Yellow Brown - Black Polyvinyl Acetate Colorless - Light Yellow Blue Grey Brown - Black Chlorinated Rubber Yellow Brown Yellow Brown Light Red - Yellow Brown Epoxy Resin Colorless to Yellow Colorless to Yellow Colorless - Yellow Polyurethane Lemon Yellow Lemon Yellow Brown - Green Fluorescent Chlorinated Plastics PVC, Chloride Polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated rubber, polychloroprene, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl chloride, etc., which can be identified by pyridine color reaction. See the chart below. Note that prior to the test, the sample must be extracted with ether to remove the plasticizer. Test method: The sample taken from ethyl ether benzene is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, and the insoluble components are filtered off. Methanol is added to precipitate the sample. Degrees of dryness below. A small amount of the dried sample was reacted with less than 1 ml of pyridine. After a few minutes, 2 drops of 5% sodium hydroxide in methanol (1 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 20 ml of methanol) were added and the color was observed immediately. 5 min. Observe them once and again after 1 h. According to the color, different chlorine-containing plastics can be identified. Nylon can also be identified by the color reaction of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. The identification is as follows: in the test tube, heating 0.1 to 0.2 g of the sample, placing the thermal decomposition product on a small cotton plug, and dropping a 14% methanol solution of p-dimethylaminobenzene on the cotton flower. A drop of concentrated hydrochloric acid is given, and if it is nylon, it is red.
The color reaction of pyridine for chlorine-containing plastics
material Boil with pyridine and reagent solution
Boil with pyridine and add reagent solution after cooling
Add reagent solution and pyridine to sample, no heating
immediately
After 5min
immediately
After 5min
immediately
After 5min
Polyvinyl chloride Red Brown
Blood Red, Brown - Red
Blood Red, Brown - Red
Red-brown, black precipitate
Red Brown
Black - brown
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Blood Red, Brown - Red
Brown - Red
Brown - Red
Red-brown, black precipitate
Red Brown
Red Brown
Chlorinated rubber Crimson-Brown
Crimson-Brown
Black - brown
Black - Brown precipitate
Tea Green - Brown
Tea Green - Brown
Polychloroprene White - Turbid
White - Turbid
colorless
colorless
White - Turbid
White - Turbid
Polyvinylidene chloride Brown - Black
Brown-black precipitate
Brown-black precipitate
Black - Brown precipitate
Brown - Black
Brown - Black
PVC compound yellow
Brown-black precipitate
White - Turbid
White precipitate
colorless
colorless
Color reaction of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde can also be used to identify polycarbonate. When the color displayed is dark blue, the material known is polycarbonate.
Elastomers or rubbers can be identified by the Burchfield chromogenic reaction. The method is as follows: Heat 0.5 g sample in a test tube, and pass the generated pyrolyzed vapor into 1.5 ml test sample (add 1 g dimethyl in 100 ml methanol. Hydroxybenzaldehyde and 0.01 g of hydroquinone were slowly heated and dissolved, 5 ml of concentrated salt and 10 ml of ethylene glycol were added, and the color was observed. Then, 5 ml of methanol was added to dilute the solution and allowed to boil for 3 min. colour. The Burchfield chromogenic reaction results for different types of elastomers or rubbers are shown in the table below:
Burchfield chromogenic reaction results of different types of elastomers or rubbers
Elastomer
Pyrolysis vapor and reagent contact
After continuing boiling and adding methanol
Blank test
Light yellow
Light yellow
Natural rubber (polyisoprene)
Yellow brown
Green - Purple - Blue
Polybutadiene
Light green
blue-green
Butyl rubber
yellow
Yellow-brown to lavender
Styrene-butadiene copolymer
yellow-green
green
Butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer
Orange red
Red to reddish brown
Polychloroprene
yellow-green
Yellowish green
Silicone Rubber
yellow
yellow
Polyurethane elastomer
yellow
yellow
Polymers containing unsaturated double bonds can be identified using Wijs solutions. Solution preparation: 6 to 7 ml of pure iodine monochloride was dissolved in 1 L of acetic acid. During the test, the material is first dissolved in carbon tetrachloride or molten p-dichlorobenzene (melting point 50 oc), and the Wijs solution is added dropwise. If the material has a double bond, the solution will fade.
8. Other plastic identification methods
Some of the molecular structures of plastics contain heteroatoms other than carbon and hydrogen. Different plastics can also be identified by heteroatom tests. Plastics classified by heteroatoms are shown in the table below:
Classification of plastics by heteroatoms
Heteroatoms
O, halogen
N,O
S,O
Si
N,S
N,S,P
Non-saponifiable saponification saponification value SN<200 Saponification value SN>200 Polyolefin-based polyvinyl alcohol Natural resin Polyvinyl acetate and its copolymers Polyvinyl chloride Polyamide Polyalkylene sulphide Polysilicone Thiourea Polycondensation casein Resin poly Styrene Polyvinyl Ether Modified Phenolic Resin Polyacrylate and Polymethacrylate Polyvinylidene Chloride Polyurethane Polyurea Vulcanized Rubber Polysiloxane Sulfamide Polycondensation Polyisoprene Polyvinyl acetal Polyester Polyfluorocarbon Aminoplasts Polyacrylonitrile and base copolymers Butyl rubber Polyethylene glycol Polyacetal resin Aldehyde xylene resin Cellulose ether cellulose Alkyd resin Cellulose ester Hydrochlorinated rubber Chlorinated rubber Polyethylene carbazole Polyethylene Pyrolidone chlorinated rubber Polyethylene carbazole Polyvinylpyrrolidone Polyamide (nylon) can be distinguished by the melting point of different types, such as nylon 6, 66, 610, 11 and 12. The following table shows the melting point range of different nylons. Various nylon range of melting point
Polyamide Type Melting Point Range/oc Polyamide Type Melting Point Range/oc Nylon 6 215~225 Nylon 1010 190~200 Nylon 66 250~260 Nylon 11 180~190 Nylon 610 210~220 Nylon 12 170~180 Gloves,Oven Gloves,Baking Gloves
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