China began to produce jade articles from primitive societies. With the development of social productive forces, it gradually formed independent professions, mostly focusing on jealousy and capitalism. From Song to Qing, Suzhou became a national jade center. The royal courts of the past dynasties all have jade workshops for production. Due to the high hardness of jade, special tools and methods are needed for processing. Therefore, there are several processes such as selecting materials, drawing samples, sawing materials, making blanks, drilling, making fine, light pressure, and engraving. Antique jade also needs to increase the process of "disability" and "burning ancient". The slave society is dominated by bronze tools. The feudal society gradually changed from bronze tools to steel tools. Quartz sand hardness is higher than jade, so it has been used for grinding jade since ancient times, also known as "solution jade sand". When the toothless saw is pushed and pulled forward or backward, and the drill is rotated and contacted with the jade material, the quartz sand mixed with water is placed and honed into the device as the tool moves. The shape and pattern of the jade are made by this method.
Yugui: The name of the ancient jade. Jade rituals used by ancient emperors and princes to hire, sacrifice, and funeral. For the things of Credit Suisse. Long strips, below the top, also made "çª". The size of the shape varies depending on the title and use. "Zhou Li Chunguan·Dianrui" has the exceptions of Dagui, Zhengui, Yugui, Xingui, Yugui, Guyu, Puqi, Sigui and Naked. It is often found in the tombs of the Zhou Dynasty.
Yuxi: The jade hand made by the Shang Dynasty. That is, "ç½". "Book of Rites · Yuzao": "Hey: the emperor takes the ball jade, the princes take the elephant, the doctor takes the fish as the bamboo." Note: "The ball, the beautiful jade also."
Zhengui: The token used by the ancient dynasty, Wang Zhizhen, is one of the six ends. Also known as "township." "Zhou Li Chunguan·Da Zongbo": "Wang Zhizheng Gui." Note: "The town, An also, so the An Sifang. The town of Kyu, covered with the four towns of the mountains, the prince has two inches ."
Life Gui: Yu Gui, awarded to the Minister by the Emperor. "Zuo Zhuan" in the eleventh year of the "Xin Gong", "Golden Houhou" Note: "The princes are in the throne, and the emperor gives the life to the end." "Zhou Li Kaogong Ji Yuren": "Life is nine inches, that isæ¡“åœ, 守守之; 命åœäº”寸,说信信,侯守之;命åœä¸ƒå¯¸,说躬åœ,伯守之."
Gu Gui: The name of the ancient jade. Ancient princes, used to talk about or hire women's jade rituals. Also known as "gluten." "Zhou Li Chunguan·Dianrui": "Gu Gu is difficult and difficult to hire a woman." Note: "Valley, good also, its decoration if Su Wenran." "Kao Gong Ji · Yu Ren": "Gu Gui seven inches ."
Tugui: Ancient jade. Used to measure the sun, four o'clock, land. "Zhou Li, Guan Guan, Da Situ": "Measure the depth of the soil by the law of the soil, the day view (shadow), in order to find the ground." And "Chunguan·Dianrui": "Tugui to the four days and months The country is closed to the land."
璧: The name of the ancient jade. Also useful in glaze. It is oblate and has a hole in the center. Divided into big 璧, 谷璧, 蒲璧. The big path is one foot and two inches long. The princes who enjoy the Son of Heaven also use it. The courtesy must use the color of the sky, the shape of the dome, like the heavens, like the color of the sky. Gu Zizi is obedient, decorated with grain, and takes the meaning of people. The man who is a thin man, the scorpion is decorated with a pussy shape, and the pupa is a seat, taking the righteousness of the people. The three are collectively referred to as "archs", because they must be both hands. There is also a shackle that is smaller in shape and is worn by the shackles. The jade has been in the Neolithic Age, and the multi-glossy has no ornamentation, and the shape is relatively simple. The hustle and bustle of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the thickness is uneven, the shape is not regular, and most of the inside and outside are not round. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the cockroaches were quite regular, and there were engravings such as silkworm, grain, ply, and animal prints. Han inherits the style of the previous generation, and the carving is more elaborate. After the Han Dynasty to the Song and Yuan Dynasty, jade carvings were rare. It was prosperous in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and there were a large number of antique products, which were often finely embossed and spirally decorated. Yuxi is a ritual used by ancient aristocrats. It also has the function of tokens and decorations in different times and in different situations. The jade in the Han Dynasty has small holes for threading or hanging on the wall for decoration.璧 Many found in the Han tomb, often placed on the chest or back of the deceased, some placed between the rafts, and even inlaid on the surface of the enamel for decoration. The use of jade is very complicated. Can be roughly divided into the following categories. One is a ritual device, used for offering sacrifices to the heavens, offering sacrifices to the gods, offering sacrifices to the mountains, offering sacrifices to the sea, offering sacrifices to the stars, and offering sacrifices to the river. The second is the ritual instrument, which is used as a symbol of ceremonial or different identity; three for the pedigree; The balance; five for evil spirits and anti-corrosion.
ç‘—: The name of the ancient jade. The big hole is awkward. "Erya release device": "Good times the meat is said to be." Guo Wei Note: "Hey, the hole is big and the side is small."
Yu Hu: Ancient jade. A jade carving carved into a tiger shape, called "amber." Xia Wei: "Classification, naming and use of jade articles in Shang Dynasty" ("Archaeology", 1983, 5): I thought that the jade carving on the surface of the tiger should be named according to the shape of the device, and the word "tiger" was added before. As for the tiger-shaped jade, the hole can be called the tiger-shaped jade, and the non-porous is the player or the display, which can be called the jade tiger.
Yuhu: It is carved into a tiger-shaped jade, that is, "a". "Take the Last Mind · Qin Shi Huang": "The First Emperor: "The shape of the painting, why do you fly away?" Let the two paints of the jade and the eyes of the jade tiger, the day is lost, I do not know where." See "Yu Hu ".
ç©: The name of the ancient jade. Jade jewelry, miscellaneous to the upper part of the horizontal jade. It is similar to a small, or has a chamfer on the ankle ring.
Ring: The name of the ancient jade. A jade with a round shape and a hole in the middle. "Erya release device": "The meat is good if it is a ring." Guo Wei notes: "Meat, side; good, hole." Xing Shu: "Bian, Kong Shi, etc. if one is a ring." Ring. Used as an adornment in ancient times. "Song History·舆æœå¿—三": "The system of 衮冕 ...... ...... ...... ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††》: “Visit the anger. The hand is released, and the jade bowl is left in the jade bowl, to Shen Houyi.â€
Yu Pei: "Pei" is also known as "ç®". The decoration of jade. "Poetry Qin Feng·Xiangyang": "I send you a singer, I am thinking about it; why do you give it, Qionggui Yupei." Xiao Deyan "Dance Dance": "Low body 锵玉佩, 举套拂罗衣."
Ring: The name of the ancient jade. Two kinds of jade, round jade ring and ring-shaped jagged block. "Han Shu·隽ä¸ç–‘ä¼ ": "Do not doubt the crown of the sacred crown, with a sword, Pei Huan, 褒衣åšå¸¦, Sheng clothing to the door, Shangyu."
Jade belt hook: the name of the ancient jade. Also known as "Rhin than." It may be the invention of the nomadic people in the north of China to hook the belt. There are two kinds of hooks, copper and jade. Popular in the Spring and Autumn Warring States and the Qin and Han Dynasties. Inlaid turquoise on the copper hook. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period or the early Tomb of the Warring States, Henan Gushi found a jade belt hook, which is an earlier known one. There are jade belts unearthed in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty in Hecheng, Hebei, Tongshan, Guishan, Jiangsu, and the Tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Ding County, Hebei Province.
Jade hook: the hook made of jade, hence the name. There are hooks, curtain hooks, hooks, etc. "Song Shu Fu Rui Zhi Xia": "Han Han Emperor Yongxing two years in April, Guanglu Xunfu House, there is a green gas under the night wall, get a jade hook, one each. The hook is seven inches three points, there are Engraving." "Liu Xian Chuan·Mrs. Hook Wings": "Wu Emperor wears his hand and gets a jade hook."
Yu Jian ornaments: refers to the decorative jade pieces used on the sword. Commonly there are four kinds of sword heads, swords, scabbard buckles and sheath jade ornaments (çŒ). Yujian ornaments began in the Warring States Period. The Warring States swords were shorter and shorter. The swords were small and thin, and the edges were open, sharper, and less (more copper and iron). The swords were thick and thin, and the buckles were small. The Han belt sword is the head of the sword, and the sword is similar to the Warring States. An iron sword was unearthed from the Han Tomb of Mancheng, Hebei Province. The four jade swords were decorated with fear and high relief embossed jade ornaments. After the Han Dynasty, jade ornaments were rare; there were more imitations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
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